Progranulin (PGRN), a expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function widely, has been associated with a bunch of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. including cancer [11], inflammatory diseases [19C24], neurological disorders [25], injury [26], tissue regeneration [27C29], and some rare diseases such as lysosomal diseases [30]. Multiple PGRN targeting strategies such as small molecule compounds that boost PGRN expression, viral vectors or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivering genes, engineered full length proteins or domains, monoclonal neutralizing antibodies, and 3D-printed scaffold-incorporated recombinant proteins have been developed, and over 30 preclinical and clinical trials in this field have been undertaken (Table 1). Table 1. Targeting PGRN Strategies in Various Diseases deficient mice; Primary cells derived from human patientsCompound enhancing PGRN expression, clinically used alkalizing drugs reagents (chloroquine, bepridil, and amiodarone)Rescue deficiency[58]Frontotemporal dementia+/? miceAdeno-associated virus vector delivering geneCorrect restored social behavior deficits and normalized lysosomal abnormalities[60]Frontotemporal dementia; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL)+/? miceAdeno-associated virus vector delivering geneReduced lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and improved lysosomal function[61]Parkinsons diseaseMPTP induced mice modelLentiviral delivery of the geneReduced inflammation and apoptosis status; Preserved both dopamine content and locomotor function[62]Alzheimers diseaseAlzheimers disease miceLentiviral delivery of the geneLowered plaque load and prevent spatial memory deficits and hippocampal neuronal loss[64]Huntingtons diseaseCaenorhabditis elegans modelPlasmid expressing human being PGRNReduced polyglutamine toxicity by TDP-43[65]Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)Experimental SAH in ratsrPGRNAlleviates early mind damage after SAH[66]Distressing brain damage (TBI)Mice style of managed cortical effect (CCI)rPGRNIntracerebroventricular administration avoided brain harm and neurological deficits[23]StrokeMice pursuing middle cerebral AZD-4320 artery occlusion (MCAo)Lentiviral mediated gene deliveryDecreased infarcted injury and improved post-ischemic neurological features[67]StrokeMCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion)rPGRNIntra-cerebroventricular given decreased the infarct quantity, decreased brain bloating, and improved neurological ratings and success uncommon[68]StrokeRat autologous thrombo- embolic given recombinant progranulin decreased cerebral infarct and oedema modelrPGRNIntravenously, suppressed haemorrhagic change, AZD-4320 and improved engine results.[69]Inflammatory arthritisCollagen antibody-induced, collaben-induced TNF- and arthritis transgenic mouse modelsrPGRN; AttstrinBoth TLR1 agents efficiently inhibited the development of inflammatory joint disease[7]OsteoarthritisSurgically induced OA modelsrPGRNSignificantly attenuated OA-like phenotypes and shielded against its development[73]OsteoarthritisNon-surgically induced rat; AZD-4320 surgically induced murine OA modelsAtsttrinExhibited a preventative impact[74]OsteoarthritisSurgically induced OA mouse modelAtsttrin-transduced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) articular treatmentPreventive influence on the development of degenerative adjustments[75]Inflammatory colon disease (IBD)DSS and TNBS colitis modelsrPGRNReduced the histological rating, colonic leukocyte and hyperplasia infiltration[76]Myocarditiscoxsackievirus-B3-induced myocarditis in micerPGRNAttenuated phenotypes by downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells, but no influence on Treg cells.[77]Allergic asthmaAntigen-challenged mouse allergic asthmarPGRNIntranasal pretreatments inhibited bronchial soft muscle hyperresponsiveness[78]Dermatitisoxazolone-induced mice modelAtsttrinEffectively attenuated inflammation[79]Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys)Uninephrectomy and folate-free diet induced hHcys mice modelRecombinant PGRNProtected against cardiorenal dysfunction[80]Defense thrombocytopenia (ITP)Anti-CD41 platelet antibody-induced mice ITP modelgene mutations may be the major reason behind FTD-TDP, a subtype of FTD seen as a fragmented and ubiquitinated TDP-43 proteinopathy. Developing little molecule medication modifiers to revive the reduced manifestation of PGRN to its regular levels is now a guaranteeing avenue for the treatment of FTD-TDP [25, 66]. Suberoylanilide AZD-4320 hydroxamic acid (vorinostat, SAHA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor approved for use in cancer treatment, was identified as the first potent inducer of PGRN expression in a screen of FDA-approved substances [67]. SAHA improved PGRN amounts at both mRNA and proteins amounts in haploinsufficient cells, and combined with ERK1/2 blocker selumetinib, SAHA could significantly inhibit cytosolic TDP-43 accumulation [67]. Currently, another HDAC inhibitor – FRM-0334, is in phase 2 clinical trials for amelioration of PGRN insufficiency resultant of gene mutations [68]. Compared with SAHA, FRM-0334 can more easily cross the blood-brain barrier [68]. Except for HDAC inhibitors, channel blocker nimodipine, vacuolar ATPase inhibitors (bafilomycin A1, concanamycin A, archazolid B, and apicularen A), clinically used alkalizing drugs (chloroquine, bepridil, and amiodarone), and an mTOR-independent autophagy activator trehalose are also potential pharmacological stimulators of PGRN production [69]. Among them, nimodipine is in a phase 1 trial as a PGRN-elevating drug, however, a pilot study evaluating the effect of amiodarone on PGRN rescue in FTD-patients failed to demonstrate a definite therapeutic result [70]. PGRN gene therapy is an alternate rational therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders due to mutations. Arrant gene to the medial prefrontal cortex could correct social behavior deficits and normalize lysosomal abnormalities in +/? mice [71]. They further extended the gene therapy approach into mice, which model aspects of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) and FTD, and found that PGRN replacement specifically targeted neurons, reduced lipofuscinosis, microgliosis, and improved lysosomal function even at low doses [72]. As a potent regulator of neuro-inflammation and an autocrine neurotrophic factor, PGRN can be very important to the long-term neuronal success also, and increased availability in the mind might possess therapeutic benefits in neurodegenerative illnesses apart from NCL and FTD. Vehicle Kampen gene could raise the PGRN manifestation level in nigrostriatal neurons followed by reduced.